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THE WONDER OF THE WORLD, 




BY 



F. COPE WHITEHOUSE, M.A. 



NEW YORK: 
JOHN WILEY & SONS. 



jS/...^y..2f...r.^J^i^^/^^^ ^^^^^A^' /l^ V/^ 



CTift 
Author 
(Person) 

lbJa'05 



m\ 




Fayoum 

Moeris of Rtrabo and Herodotus 



'JOfeet 



M EDI NET EL FAYOUW 

"Moeris of 
.inantPacl 

^^^^^^ Horizontal Limestone * 




the Mediterranean 

Scale b 1.250,000 




Valley of the Nile 

Wasta 



Sea 



BirTcet el-Qeroun 



Fbom the CENTrRY. SECTION THROUGH THE FAYOUM. Octopkb, 1884. 

MOERIS: THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 

BY F. COPE WHITEHOUSE, M.A. 

Seventy miles to the Southwest of Memphis, the government 
ot Egypt, at an early period in its history, animated by the 
noblest motives, seeking to utilize to the utmost the annual flood 
of the Nile, converted a vast extent of low desert into an im- 
pounding reservoir which was regarded during the entire thou- 
sand years of Greco- Roman history as the most stupendous ot 
the engineering works of the world. It was not only of 
marvellous utility, but also planned on a scale of unique and 
incredible grandeur, and executed by the labors of successive 
generations. As a fitting monument of this immense under- 
taking, two pyramids were constructed on an island near the 
middle of the lake. Their summits rose three hundred feet 
above its surface. Their base, however, lay two hundred feet 
below the level of the Mediterranean and in nearly fifty fathoms 
of water. An eighth of a mile high, they outranked all the 
other pyramids of Egypt and were as far above the bed of the 
lake as the present apex of Cheops is above the Valley of the 
Nile. Such was the unanimous statement of antiquity from Her- 
odotus to Hassam Ibn-Isaac, from B. C. 434 to A. D. 700. With 
equal unanimity these accounts were denied and even derided by 
modern historians from Voltaire to Lepsius, and as late as 188 1. 
No such lake, it was declared, ever had or could have existed; 
no such island with its superstructure was ever seen by Herodo- 
tus or Diodorus. Moeris and its pyramids were excluded from 
consideration. The excavation or erosion ceased to play any 
role in the magnificent drama of Egyptian development. Its 
alleged pyramids were never classed with Medoum, Dahshour 



4 MCERIS. 

or Gizeh, and contributed nothing to the elucidation of the 
problem of the construction or purpose of the structures in the 
Valley of the Nile. 

In June, 1881, in New York, I had said that "in prosecut- 
ing local researches on the frontiers of human thought many 
mysteries of Egypt proved to be only natural facts, distorted 
and exaggerated by European prejudices and habits of mind. 
Difficulties are created by a failure to appreciate the wise 
moderation which characterizes eastern attempts to deal with 
the forces of nature. The utilitarian motive being obscured, 
some fantastic notion is invented and substituted. Its improba- 
bility then places it beyond attack." In September, 1881,* at 
York, during the meeting of the British Association, an oppor- 
tunity presented itself of calling attention to certain errors in re- 
gard to Lake Mceris. An apparent connection was also shown be- 
tween some of the most celebrated public works in middle 
Egypt, which had previously been regarded as wholly inde- 
pendent. The idee mere of these suggestions was the accuracy 
of the ancient records when correctly translated and harmonized. 
They were the offspring of a refusal to admit any charge of folly or 
superstition brought against the ancient government of Egypt 
which was not clearly proved. It is impossible to conceive a 
frontier of human thought more sharply marked than the plateau 
of Gizeh. If the pyramids are only sepulchral mounds, the 
tumuli of nameless kings who sought, but vainly, to perpetuate 
their personality for all time by the preservation of their bodies 
in the most stupendous of sepulchers, the failure is accentuated 
by the contrast between the terrace covered to the East with 
hewn basalt, polished granite, carved limestone and glittering 
alabaster, and the coarse rock to the West which rises and sinks 
and rises again to the near horizon in a jagged wall whose ledges 
mark the successive strata of cretaceous deposit. Seamed and 
scored by deep waterless ravines, the high plateau of the Libyan 
Desert with its majesty of absolute desolation commences at the 
very foot of what are alleged to be the most colossal monu- 
ments of human egotism. 

Lake Moeris also marked a frontier of human thought, if it was, 
as Diodorus said, the most gigantic as well as the most unselfish 

* See Proceedings of British Association, Montreal, 1884 ; and Proceedings of Royal Geo- 
graphical Society, London, October, 1884, (with authorities cited). 



THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 5 

creation of royal will, where successive monarchs had guided 
the energies and expended the resources of their subjects to the 
greatest possible advantage. " Who is he," said the Sicilian 
geographer, himself an eye witness, " that considers the great- 
ness of this work that may not justly ask the question — How 
many thousands of men were employed, and how many years 
were spent in finishing it ? Considering the benefit and ad- 
vantage brought (by this great work) to the government, none 
ever could sufficiently extol it, according to what the truth of 
the thing deserved. For being that the Nile never kept to a 
certain and constant height in its inundation and the fruitfulness 
of the country ever depended upon its just proportions, the king 
dug this lake to receive such water as was superfluous, that itmight 
neither immoderately overflow the land, and so cause fens and 
standing ponds, nor by flowing too little, prejudice the fruits of 
the earth for want of water. To this end, he cut a canal along 
from the river into the lake, fourscore furlongs in length and 
three hundred feet broad ; into this he let the water of the river 
run, and at other times diverted it and turned it over the fields 
of the husbandmen, at seasonable times, by means of sluices, 
which he sometimes opened and at other times shut up, not 
without great labor and cost ; for these sluices could not be 
opened or shut at a less charge than fifty talents ($53,000).* 
This lake continues to the benefit of the Egyptians for these 
purposes to our very days, and is called the Lake of Myris, or 
Meris to this day." "The annual royalty on the fish taken in 
the weir, at the entrance of the lake, amounts to two hundred 
and fifty talents ($254,400)." For there were in it two and 
twenty sort of fish and so vast a number were taken that those 
who were employed continually to salt them up (though they 
were multitudes of people) could hardly perform it. 

In order to show that this explicit account had in 1 88 1 been re- 
jected in its entirety it is only necessary to turn to any work on 
Egypt published in the last quarter of a century. From the 
Egypt of Bunsen, Brugsch, Ebers, or Rawlinson, to that of 
the Encyclopaedia Britannica credit is given to M. Linant de 
Bellefonds Pasha for demonstrating the errors of the ancient 



* " The canal of Khatatb<jh, though only 26 miles long, requires annually the labor of 30,000 
men for fifty days to clean [open] it. The bare cost of feeding this army amounts to J(a5,ooo 
|ias,ooo)."— W. Andekson, M. I. C, E., April, 1884. 



MCERIS. 



geographers and establishing the true dimensions and situation 
of this much belauded basin. "In the Eastern and highest part 
of the Fayoum to t\\Q North (sic) of el-Medeeneh, mdiyht traced 
the remains of that venerable work the Lake Moeris, or more 
properly, the Lake of Mceris, since Moeris is the name of the 
king by whose orders it was dug. A French engineer, M. 
Linant, was tke first to determine the position and character of 
this famous work of antiquity and the results of his investiga- 







ERRONEOUS SECTION OF LINANT DE BELLEFONDS. 



^ -^v>» 



tions are in accordance with the opinions of some (?) who had 
previously noticed the subject in published works. To M. 
Linant certainly is due the merit of having settled a controversy 
of no little importance, and the Egyptian Society of Cairo de- 
serves our thanks for the publication of his most interesting 
memoir. The Mceris who gave his name to the lake was proba- 
bly Amenemha III., the king who can scarcely be doubted to 
have been the founder of the Labyrinth. The object of the 
Lake Moeris was to regulate the irrigation of the Fayoum, 
very anciently the Crocodilopolite Nome, and afterwards the 
Arsinoite ; and it was valuable on account of fisheries. It seems 
rather to have deserved the name of a very large reservoir, or 
broad canal than that of a lake. Notwithstanding the drying up 
of the Lake Mceris, the Fayoum is still an important and fertile 
province." [8th ed. 1855, p 503.] This account is abbreviated 




From the Revue Archeologique, Juin, 1882 



Cope Whitehouse. 



in the ninth edition (1877), but the "Memoire sur le lac Moeris 
Soc. Eg. 1843" is cited for reference. The title "Moeris, see 
Egypt" of the eighth edition, is omitted in the volume published 
this year. The italics indicate some slips on the part of the 
learned author. Dr. Leopold Von Ranke is now engaged upon a 



THE WOA'DER OF THE WORLD. 7 

Universal History. In the volume recently published (dated 
1885), he says that "in spite of all the efforts of research, we 
have, as one of the most distinguished Egyptologists has ex- 
pressly admitted, not advanced far beyond Herodotus in positive 
knowledge of ancient Egyptian history. Herodotus had seen 
and admired the Lake IVIoeris ; the name of the King Mceris, to 
whom he attributed it rests upon a misconception. But the work 
magnificent in its very ruins still exists. It. is 7iot a natural lake 
but an excavated reservoir with enor7)io?iS dykes about 50 feet 
in width, and it was designed, when the Nile rose, to receive the 
waters which might perhaps have worked mischief in the Delta, 
and reserve them for times when the inundation of the country 
did not attain the height requisite for its fertility. In the water 
was to be seen the colossus of stone which perpetuated the 
memory [not the natne, see above] of the constructor Ame- 
nemhat III." In the Encyclopaedia Britannica, we are told that : 
''As we approach the Pyramids of Gizeh these structures do not 
give us that idea of size that we had expected from our first 
distant view, and until we stand at their feet we do not appreci- 
ate their vastness. But as we endeavor to scan the height of 
the great pyramid, when about to begin its ascent, ^v^ fully 
realize a result that Jiuman labor has not achieved elsewhere. 
The very dimensions (a height of about half-a-thonsa7id feet, 
four sides each measuring the seventh of a mile) are in them- 
selves gigantic ; but when we know that this huge space is 
almost solid, containing a few chambers so small as not to be 
worthy of consideration in calculating its contents, we discover 
that 710 monuments of man's raisi7ig elsewhere afford a7iy scale 
by which to estimate its greatness." Thus the sober judgment 
of the ninteenth century affirms that the pile of limestone at 
Gizeh commonly known as the Pyramid of Cheops is unap- 
proachable in its greatness. This seems a strange decision with 
a similar pile of limestone, nearly as large and always loftier, so 
close that the two are always coupled as hara77ic7i — the twin 
pyramids of Shufu and Shafra, of the brothers Suphis. Von 
Ranke who also reduced Moeris to an excavated reservoir simi- 
larly endorses the praise of these "noble sepulchral monuments 
of epochs inconceivably remote," where "the amount of force 
employed is as remarkable as the architectural skill displayed 
throughout." Thus, therefore, the engineer of modern times is 



8 MCERIS: 

bid to see in the Pyramid of Cheops a structure erected in the 
infancy of the world, and before the dawn of history, which rapidly 
passed beyond the powers of the human race, so degenerated 
and enfeebled that for six thousand years no monument of 
Greece or Rome, of mediaeval or modern Europe can even 
furnish a standard of comparison. On the other hand Lake 
Mceris becomes a shallow pool or a broad canal. 

This was not the opinion of Herodotus : "It took ten years 
to make the causeway, a work not mtich inferior in my judg- 
ment to the pyramid itself This causeway is five furlongs in 
length, ten fathoms wide, and in height at the highest part eight 
fathoms. It is built of polished stone and is covered with carv- 
ings of animals. The pyramid itself was twenty years in build- 
ing. There is an inscription in Egyptian characters on the 
pyramid which records the quantity of radishes, onions and 
garlic consumed by the laborers who constructed it, and I per- 
fectly remember that the interpreter who read the writing to me 
said that the money expended in this way was 1600 talents of 
silver (ca. $1,700,000). 7/" this then be a true record what a vast 
additional sum must have been spent on the other works in- 
cluding the underground apartments." So far therefore from 
being astounded by the pyramids the Greek immediately points 
out the superior artistic and practical value of the approach or 
dromos which led to the hill, and the basalt, limestone, syenite 
and alabaster employed in the decoration of the terrace. He 
specifically ranks the engineering works of the world in a later 
chapter. " It seemed good to the twelve joint sovereigns to leave 
a common monument. In pursuance of this resolution they 
made the Labyrinth, which lies a little above Lake Mceris. I 
visited this place and found it to surpass description ; for if all 
the walls and other great works of the Greeks could be put to- 
gether in one, they would not equal either for labor or expense 
this Labyrinth, and yet the temple of Ephesus is a building 
worthy of note and so is the temple of Samos. The pyramids 
also are greater than they are commonly reported, and are 
severally equal to a nu7nber of the greatest works of the Greeks, 
but the Labyrinth surpasses the Pyramids." The Labyrinth 
had shared the fate of Lake Mceris at the hands of Dr. Lepsius. 
The enthusiastic admiration of the Ionian Herodotus, and the 
weighty sentences of the polished Strabo had not sufficed to pro- 



THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. g 

tect it. The leader of the German Expedition, eager to surpass the 
work of his predecessor, M. Jomard, suffered himself to be be- 
trayed into depicting with absurd exaggeration in the Denk- 
maler aus ^Egypten miserable walls of mud brick as immense 
ruins. Simultaneously exposed by M. Perrot and myself,* the 
recent work of Ebers unintentionally gives them, by the inser- 
tion of erroneous standards of measurement, the guaranty of a 
most accomplished and painstaking writer. Dr. Pleyte, citing 
with approval from an article of mine in the Proceedings of the 
Society of Biblical Archaeology (June, 1883) the expression that 
the Egyptian Stonehenge could never perish, endorses the de- 
scription of Herodotus. Dr. Schweinfurth has also expressed his 
belief in its existence, t **It is from hearsay only," said Herodotus 
with an honesty rarely imitated by the modern sightseer and maker 
of guide-books, ''that I can speak of the lower chambers. The up- 
per chambers, also fifteen hundred in number, however, I saw my- 
self with my own eyes and found them to excel all other human 
productions." For the passages through the halls and the 
varied windings of the corridors across the courts excited in him 
infinite admiration because the roof was throughout of stone like 
the walls, and these were carved all over with figures and every 
court was surrounded with a colonnade, which was built of white 
stones, exquisitely fitted together. But, continued the Greek his- 
torian : "Wonderful as is the Labyrinth, the work called the 
Lake of Moeris which is close by the Labyrinth is yet more as- 
tonishing. The measure of its circumference is sixty schoenes 
[each "cable-length" being a day's "tow"], or 3,600 furlongs, 
which is equal to the entire length of Egypt along the sea-coast. 
The lake stretches in its longest direction from north to south 
and in its deepest parts is of the depth of fifty fathoms." Thus 
in the opinion of the Greek, the Pyramid of Cheops was 
not more than twice as great as the Causeway. It 
was little greater than that of Chephren. It equalled a num- 
ber of the great works of the Greeks, and even the temples of 
Ephesus and Samos. But a pile of rough stones, however large, 
could not be named in the same category with the Labyrinth, 
and even the Labyrinth, with its skilful arrangement of halls and 

*The new catalogue of the Museum of Bulaq marks the so-called Labyrinth of Lepsius as the 
Greco-Roman Necropolis of Arsinoe, (p. 262). 

t " Sehnsuchtig erwarle ich Sie in Aegypten zuraufsuchung des Labyrinths." — Cairo, May 27, 
1884. 



lo MCERIS: 

passages, lacked (at that period) the crowning attribute of util_ 
ity. The exhibition of mere force which stupefies the modern 
writer is justly relegated to a low rank in the presence of the 
beautiful Capitol of feudal Egypt But the highest place is re- 
served for the vast inland sea, Mer-Uer, the sacred pool of Horus, 
Pithom or Pi-Tum of Mosaic record, where the fair offspring of 
the Nile, the ''daughter of Pharaoh," the Coptic Arsinoe, and 
the Rhodope of the Grecian fable had been set apart by 
Pharaoh- Osiris, I^^ather and King, for the use and pleasure ot 
man. The lake, treasure city (Ex. I. ii), and fortress, the /6'.$-.y<^ 
grandis or huge circumvallation of Memphis, was also named by 
Pliny next to the Labyrinth. That *' most prodigious expend- 
iture of human labor," (portentosissimum humani impendii opus) 
was certainly the grandest architectural feature of the Fayoum, 
but, seemingly, also part of the same stupendous system of irriga- 
tion and defence. 

Thus classified, the Sphinx at Gizeh and the Pyramids in 
the Lake of Charon form an orderly sequence. These monu- 
ments of history are splendid illustrations of man's triumph 
over nature. The din of arms and the shock of religions is 
echoed in Homeric Hexameters, and in the tales the Phoeni- 
cians told to Virgil of the conflict at Turra, and the loss of Caft- 
Ur(Manetho) The labyrinth on the Bahr Hunt (Jousuf ) ceases 
to be a riddle and becomes a key. It closed its lower chambers 
to Herodotus when its vergers put him off with a story about 
kings and crocodiles, which might nevertheless have led him 
through the aqueduct of Samos to the leather water-mains and 
pipe-lines of the Corys. Its Roman governor opened its inmost 
recesses to Strabo. He listened as the slaves swung its stone 
doors on their bronze hinges (Papyrus), and the clang resounded 
through the dark and devious network. The descendant of the 
Pontic kings looked upwards from its low roof. He saw above 
him Pa-El, the Sun-God, Apollo, and believed the building a 
Heliopolis-Baalbec. He thought it a temple to Ra, while Jose- 
phus cited Manetho to witness against Apion that here was the 
first Jerusalem where Eastern Monotheists, then as now, wor- 
shipped an ineffable and personal Jehovah. Strabo should have 
looked beneath his feet for the clue which Ariadne gave to The- 
seus and Pliny offers to the student. Had he been Hesiod, an 
inspired fancy might have found it westward where Danae 



THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 



II 



welcomed the God of Heaven in golden dust, and where the 
wings of Icarus failed him above the Icarian deep. '* I saw 
everything in Egypt," saidyElius' Aristides, "in my four visits — 
Lake, Labyrinth and Pyramids." The Lake, strangely enough, 
did not survive its great compeer in history, and they both dis- 
appeared when Clio turned the page of the second century. 

The accompanying maps show the extent and position of the 
ancient lake. The Bahr Jousuf is a canal commencing near 
Assiout, which follows the western shore of the valley, while the 
main stream, the Bahr el-Nil, runs under the eastern cliffs. At 
high Nile, however, both channels are effaced, and the floods 
cover the entire width of cultivable land. Immense labor was 
expended upon the redemption of the Fayoum, and an ounce of 
dynamite placed in the dyke of El-Lahun by the retreating 
army of Arabi Pasha woul:^ 



have demonstrated beyont 
all possibility of cavil thai 
wherever the figures are 
less than +100, Moeris, the 
Neptune of the Nile, once 
reigned. By such a disaster 
all its fertile fields would 
be again submerged. Al- 
though Strabo saw the 
northern basin filled with 
water, and the waves break- 
ing against the dyke which 
excluded it from the plateau 
marked as the Moeris of M. 
Linant, later generations 




From the Cenilkv. October, i;S4. 

LAKE MCERIS RESTORED. 



confined it to the southern basin or Wadi Reian. This is the 
only part which it would be possible or expedient to restore. 
So easily could this be accomplished, and so imperative is the 
necessity, that before the first of March, 1888, it is far from im- 
probable that a lake of several hundred square miles in extent 
will relieve the pressure of high Nile, even if the works required 
to utilize the water for irrigation have not been completed. It 
is almost superfluous to explain how the reservoir of the Roman 
age ceased to exist. The alluvial deposit of the Nile choked 
the canals and aqueducts. The Arabian domination of the 



12 MCERIS: 

twelfth century was peculiarly disastrous. Famine and Icono- 
clasm are forcibly depicted in the lucid pages of Abdollatif 
They may have been related in fact as well as time. The canal 
of supply was neglected and plundered in its long course. The 
inhabitants of the Fayoum shut out all the water not required 
for their own use, and there was no central government strong 
enough to compel a corvee which would work for the common 
weal. Our own century has seen Egypt at its lowest point. 
Europe has inflicted blow after blow upon the unhappy coun- 
try. Menzaleh was a fresh-water lake in the geography of 
Edrisi (1150) and Tanis Parva (not Zoan, i. e., Tanis-Memphis) 
was an agreeable miniature capital of a flourishing province. 
Mareotis became a lagoon in 1801. 

The ruined temple of Ammon, the Qasr Qeroun, in the desert 
to the south of the Birket el- Qeroun, was occupied on the night 
of the twenty-ninth of January, 1 799, by a squadron of French 
cavalry and a distinguished scientific corps. On March 3d, 
1882, it was also occupied by me, with a horse, a camel, and 
seven Arabs, picked up at hazard two days before. The contrast 
presented by the military arrays was not greater than that of the 
intellectual attainments of the respective leaders. Yet, if M. 
Jomard had gone (as I did), to the Haram, marked upon his 
map as a Butte Pyramidale, and so conspicuous from the top of 
the temple that he ought to have known that the adjacent desert 
must be a deep erosion, or had he, with greater faith in antiquity^ 
in his library in Paris, put the Ptolemaic centre of Mceris-Fayoum 
where that geographer had fixed it by latitude and longitude, 
in the very spot where he had bivouacked, (as I had done in 
London, so as to make sure of what I ought to seek before the 
desolation of the desert should confront and deter me), it is more 
than probable that the regeneration of Egypt would have been 
anticipated by nearly a century. Instead, therefore, of being 
paralysed by the Pyramid of Cheops as wholly beyond the 
range of human intellect, with a superstition which would have 
amused a Roman Augur and shocked the astrologers of the Chal- 
dean war-office, we should rather follow the guidance of the 
sensible Greek and the practical Roman. The Canals, the Gate- 
house and the Lake of Moeris, are achievements which the vast 
resources and vast needs of our own West, the floods of the 
Mississippi and the deserts of New Mexico, require us to equal 
and may enable us to surpass. 



THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 



13 




14 MCERIS : 

The Topography of the Pyramids and their connection with 
the Bahr Jusuf, Labyrinth, Moeris and Sphinx. Brit. Assoc. 
Adv. of Sc. York, 1881. Loncion, 1881. 

Le Lac Moeris et son emplacement d'apres des Nouvelles 
Recherches. La Revue Archeologique, Juin. Paris, 1882. 

Recent Explorations in the Desert near the Fayoum, Map 
and Survey. Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch. June. London, 1882. 

Lake Moeris. Report of Ascham Society, Map Ihe 
Athenaeum, July 22d. London, 1882. 

A Nile Reservoir: The Ancient Mceris Basin, Map. Am. 
Geog. Soc; N. Y. Herald, Oct. 23d. New York, 1882. 

The Moeris Basin and Wadi Fadhi. Bulletin of Am. Geog. 
Soc. with Appendix by Ch. Justice Daly. New York, 1882. 

Compte-rendu des recherches dans le Bassin occupe par le 
Lac Mceris. Societe Khed.de Geog. 20 Avril. Cairo, 1883 

The Minotaur (Men-Hathor) of the Egyptian Labyrinth, 
Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch. June. London, 1883. 

Pithom, Fayoum, Moeris. 
The Academy, July 14. London, 1883. 

Pithom and the Lake of Mceris. 
The Churchman, Aug. New York, 1883. 

The Topography of Egypt between 28° and 30° N. L. 
from original surveys made in 1882, 1883, with special reference 
to the erosions (—200 feet) of the Qerun and Reian Basins, and 
the natural eminences (+950) and the Pyramids (+650) in, at 
or near the impounding-reservoir of Pithom-Moeris. 
Academy of Sciences, March 24. New York, 1884. 

Raamses-Heliopolis and Zoan-Cairo. 
The Churchman, May 3. New York, 1884. 

The Excavations at Tel el-Maskhuta. 
Living Church, May 17th. Chicago, 1884. 

Where is Zoan ? Observer, June 19th. New York, 1884. 

Lake Moeris and the Construction of the Pyramids, the Buf- 
falo Convention of the Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers. 
The American Engineer, June 20th. Buffalo, 1884. 

The Moeris Basin. Brit. Assoc. Adv of Sc. Montreal, 1884. 

San-Tanis not Zoan. Advertiser, Sept. 24th. Boston, 1884.. 

The Latest Researches in the Moeris Basin. 
Royal Geog. Soc. Bulletin, Oct. London, 



THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 15 

Hieroglyphic Evidence that Moeris extended to the Lat. ot 
OiLyr\\\WQ.M^-Behncsa. Am. Or. Soc. Oct. 19th. Bait, 1884. 

The land of Zoan-Tanis-Mizraim-Raamses is the Nome ot 
Heliopolis-Memphii. Am. Or. Soc, Oct. 30th. Baltimore, 1884. 

Lake Moeris and the Pyramids, A.A.A.S. Engineering 
Magazine, Nov. New York, 1884. 

The Fayoum and the Land of Goshen, Map. The Church- 
man, Nov. 29th. New York, 1884. 

Moeris : The Wonder of the world. 
School of Mines Quarterly, Nov. New York, 1884. 

Neue Losung der ver. Theor. li. die Lage des Moeris-Sees. 
Pet. Mith. b. 29. II, 72. Jan. 24. Dr. Behm. Gotha, 1883. 

Justification d' Herodote par les recherches recentes de M. 
Cope Whitehouse. L'Exploration, t. xv., n. 330,17 Mai. 
Dr. G. Schweinfurth. Paris, 1883. 

Le Lac Moeris d'apres les Anciens Documents et des Ex- 
plorations recentes. Revue des Quest. Historiques. Oct. 
M. I'Abbe Amelineau. Paris, 1883. 

Lake Moeris. The Saturday Review. Dec. ist. 
Charles Sumner Maine. London, 1883. 

Over drie handschriften op Payrus uitgegeven door de Kon- 
inklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam ; met acht 
Platen en een Kaart. Dr. W. Pleijte. Amsterdam, 1884. 

Lake Moeris and the Greeks. The Century, Oct. 
James Herbert Morse. New York, i88zi. 

The Jewish Captivity in Egypt; identification of Pithom 
with the Fayoum district and Zoan with Old Cairo. The E. 
Telegram, Aug. 1 1 ; Sept. 12. T. W. Ludlow. New York, 1884. 

The Topography of the Pyramids. The York Herald, Sept. 
8th, 1 88 1. 

The Minotaur, an Egvptian Myth. The Critic, Nov. 17th, 
i«83. 

Les Grands Travaux du Siecle. Cour. des Etats Unis, 
Jan 17, 1884. New York. 

Pithom-Moeris. The Churchman, Jan. 26. 

The Egyptian Labyrinth. The Critic, Feb. 3d. 

Were the Pyramids Hills? The Critic, April 5th. Sept. 20th. 

A New View of the Pyramids. N. Y. Academy of Sciences. 
P.Sc.M.. May; Harper's W. May 2d. 

The researches of Mr. Cope Whitehouse and the Dutch 
Academy. N. Y. Sun, Aug. 8th. 

A Point gained for the new Suez Canal. The Star. Mon- 
treal, Aug. 2'^8th, 1884. 

Construction of the Pyramids; Egvptian Architecture and 
Travel. The Press, Sept. nth. Philadelphia, 1884. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



16 MCERIS: THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. 



029 998 213 



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Republished from School of Mines Quarteblt, November, 1884. 



